Pathophysiology of Obesity Essay Example for Free

Pathophysiology of Obesity Essay The composition of this research paper will concentrate on the topic about the pathophysiologic condition of the disorder called obesity. Thus, this would focus in the said topic to determine the functional changes that go along with such type of disorder that is seen to have developed as one of the prominent health problem in the society. Moreover, the paper would work in rendering fundamental information that is seen essential to further understand the condition of obesity. In addition to this, this research would also deal with the key areas that are seen to be of major concern with regard to battling and preventing obesity. Nonetheless, this holds on the purpose in rendering definite and essential information about obesity. The following will be discussed: †¢ A Brief Background: Obesity †¢ Pathophysiology of Obesity †¢ Causes of Obesity †¢ Medical Treatment and Nursing Intervention At the end of the paper, in intends to render facts and information about the pathophysiology of the obesity. Likewise, the completion of this research paper is also set to provide clear and evident information with regard to the possible medical treatments and nursing interventions that could be done to be able to battle and prevent obesity. A Brief Background: Obesity It can be said that the discussions over the subject of obesity is normally overlooked as one of the major health issues that is in need of accorded attention. Normally, the society would describe obesity as a state wherein an individual with such condition is seen to be ridiculous for having such abnormal and fatty body. In a sense, obesity must be regarded as a serious condition in which it is seen to be one of the most prominent health disorders that if not properly handled it can result to numerous severe health complications in the body. In general, obesity is characterized as a chronic condition that involves excessive amount body fat (Goroll, 2006). Although body fat is necessary for storing energy, heat insulation, shock absorption, and other essential functions, the normal amount of body fat should only be between 25-30% for women and 18-23% for men (Goroll, 2006). Thus, women with excessive body fat with over 30% and for men with over 25% body fat are already considered obese (Goroll, 2006). Moreover, the obesity is also seen to be one of the escalating health conditions in the society wherein the numbers of people with such disorder are rapidly increasing (â€Å"Obesity,† n. d. ). In the United States, the obesity has already reached epidemic extent in which it is seen that one in every three Americans is obese (â€Å"Obesity,† n. d. ). Thus, obesity, as a serious health condition, is also seen to be rapidly increasing in the global society that the occurrence of obesity has practically doubled up from the year 1991 up to 1998 (â€Å"Obesity,† n. . ). Pathophysiology of Obesity With the fact that obesity is a significant health threat, the extra weight or the excessive fat is inclined to create extraordinary stress in all parts of the body (â€Å"Causes, incidence, and risk factors,† n. d. ). Thus, the occurrence of obesity normally incorporates negative developments in the body that are seen as the acquisition of serious illnesses and raises the risk of individuals to having diabetes, kidney disease, heart disease, and stroke and gallbladder disease (â€Å"Causes, incidence, and risk factors,† n. . ). Obesity also creates ill-health conditions such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol that are normally seen among the adults, which is now believed to be seen in the children that are obese (â€Å"Pathophysiology of obesity,† n. d. ). In addition to this, the obesity also increases the risk of individual to acquire certain types of cancer. Also, obese individuals are seen to be more inclined to develop osteoarthritis and sleep apnea (â€Å"Pathophysiology of obesity,† n. d. ). Likewise, the obesity or the excessive fat is often accompanied by several symptoms such as breathlessness, tiredness, back pain, sweatiness, arthritis, menstrual disorders, poor sleeping and depression (â€Å"Pathophysiology of obesity,† n. d. ). Also, obesity increases the probability of myocardial infraction and heart failure (â€Å"Pathophysiology of obesity,† n. d. ). Hence, it is seen that biggest probable impact of obesity in health, more especially with that of the elderly, is the diversity of its effects with other systems in the body (â€Å"Pathophysiology of obesity’† n. d. ). Causes of Obesity In most circumstances, the majority of medical researchers agree that a combination of excessive calorie consumption and a inactive lifestyle are seen to be the primary causes of obesity (â€Å"Obesity,† n. d. ). Thus, the increased of food consumption is normally attributed as genetic, medical or psychiatric illness (â€Å"Obesity,† n. d. ). Likewise, it is also said that the other probable causes of obesity are hereditary influences, overeating, diet high in simple carbohydrates, slow metabolism, and frequency of eating, physical inactivity, medication such as antidepressants and psychological factors such as severe emotional distress (â€Å"Obesity,† n. . ). Moreover, in the review that is done in the year 2006, it is said that the most probable factors that have contribute in the rise of obesity are seen to be the cause of insufficient sleep, endocrine disruptors, decreased rates of smoking, increased use of medication that leads to weight gain, pregnancy at a later age, intrauterine and intergenerational effects, positive natural selection of people with a higher BMI (â€Å"10 Factors in Rise of Obesity,† n. d. ). Medical Treatment and Nursing Intervention Treatment through the help of a physician is seen to be necessary in obesity, more especially during the times wherein the person’s own efforts to lose weight is not working and when it is seen essential that simultaneous medical conditions make it vital for an obese person to lose weight (â€Å"Medical Treatment for Obesity,† n. d. ). Thus, prescription of medications may seem as necessary for those having people with obesity-related health problems (â€Å"Medical Treatment for Obesity,† n. . ). In addition to this, the prescriptions of over-the-counter supplements are also considered as essential in the medical treatment of obesity that could helpful for the people in effort to lose weight (â€Å"Medical Treatment for Obesity,† n. d. ). Behavioural strategies are also used in the treatment of obesity that could help modify dietary habits and increase activity levels of obese people (â€Å"Medical Treatment for Obesity,† n. . ). Likewise, psychotherapy for eating disorders with the therapist is also seen essential in the treatment process of obesity that may also require medication (â€Å"Medical Treatment for Obesity,† n. d. ). On the other hand, it is seen evident that the other probable nursing intervention that could be done to battle obesity is having a healthy and active lifestyle through the presence of exercise. As such, the involvement through healthy exercises is indeed helpful in treatment of obesity as these activities are good in burning calories and other excess fats in the body. In addition to this, a good healthy diet is also seen as another nursing intervention for obesity in which eating healthy foods with balanced diet are essential in maintaining and achieving healthy body. Nonetheless, the modified personal discipline with regard to adverse eating habits is also seen as probable nursing intervention for obesity. Conclusion  With the above written facts and information about the pathophysiology of obesity, it is seen evident that choosing such topic in this research paper is indeed significant and helpful for the people, more especially among the individuals with such condition, as this provides factual data of the probable negative results that comes with obesity. As such, this research paper also provides factual gathering of information in battling and treating obesity. Nonetheless, it is seen evident that the issue of obesity is one of the serious health problems that are in need of proper attention.

Advantages of Buying an Existing Website :: Sell Websites Buy Web Sites

Advantages of Buying an Existing Website Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.com With any new website you have two challenges: developing the product or service and then seeing what if anything, people are willing to pay you for it. Regardless of a website's past performance, an existing website will, at the very least, have a history from which you will be able to make certain decisions. Even if the website was not profitable in the past, your strengths may lend themselves perfectly to turning it into a viable venture. Furthermore, you have the ability to verify what the website did in the past that resulted in the current status of the operation. Pros: The website is 'up and running' already. It is likely to have an existing client base. The previous website owners are likely to lend support and goodwill. There is a tried and tested website formula to emulate. The website can be sold on by yourself. Generally more chance of success than starting a similar website from scratch. Cons: A large investment is often required, Website transfer costs i.e. lawyer, analysis, accountant etc.. A large amount of time required to research the opportunities available. Ease of Investigation In order to buy the right website, you will be required to do a thorough investigation of its past activities, its operations, its current status, the competition, the industry and its future potential. You will accumulate this information and then you will have to determine how it measures up with you at the helm. Clearly, this information gathering will be substantially more accurate and easier to obtain when dealing with an existing website, as you will have the resources available from which to get the details. Infrastructure You will have the benefit of purchasing a website that has an infrastructure including customers, suppliers, servers, and systems. This will allow you to focus on building the business as opposed to a start up or new website where everything begins at ground zero. Purchase Price Differences Buying an existing website does not mean that it will cost you more. In fact, many times it's less expensive than launching a new website. Even in those cases where it may require a premium, at least you know what you are getting if you investigate it properly. A new website will require a whole series of studies that will indicate that "theoretically' the website should do well.

Abnormality of Lindsay Lohan Essay

For one to be classified as psychologically abnormal, he or she must display the four mannerisms of abnormality, known as â€Å"the four D’s: dysfunction, distress, deviance, and dangerousness. I am certain that the Hollywood star, Lindsay Lohan, meets the qualifications of abnormality. Lindsay’s behavior prevents her functioning normally in life. Lindsay Lohan’s addiction to alcohol and her drug abuse has landed her in and out of jail and as well as rehabilitation centers numerous times. According to CNN, â€Å"Lindsay Lohan pled guilty with the possession of cocaine and drinking under the influence†. Lindsay’s trouble with law has caused great distress to her health as well. According to TMZ, Lindsay Lohan was hospitalized for stress induced Pneumonia. Lindsay claims that the stress in which induced her pneumonia originated from her citation for a hit and run accident involving a pedestrian. Lindsay’s chronic stealing behavior can be viewed as deviant. According to TMZ, Lindsay Lohan has been accused on many occassions of stealing items such as: clothes, necklaces, earings, and shoes from various apparel boutiques. Lastly, Lindsay has endangered society with her alcohol addictions. Fox News reports that Lindsay Lohan has been arrested for drinking under the influence many times. In one of her many drinking under the influence-related accidents, she crashed her car into another moving vehicle. Approaching this from a cognitive perspective, I believe that the wreckless and attention seeking behavior that Lindsay Lohan outputs is a direct result from her parent’s divorce and stress induced from her sky-rocketing childhood fame. In Lindsay Lohan’s hit song â€Å"Confessions of a broken heart†, she emotionally expresses her relationship with her father. In her lyrics she says, â€Å"And I carry the weight of the world on my shoulders, a family in crisis that only grows older, why’d you have to go†¦ I dream of another you one who would never leave me alone to pick up the pieces, a daddy to hold me because that’s all I needed†. In psychopathology, the cognitive perspective views that one’s thought processesinfluences his/her behavior and emotion. In Lindsay’s negative exposure to her family fights and parent’s divorce, I believe that she lacked proper love and attention from her emotionally drained mother and uninvolved father. With the lack of attention from her two parents and her fame slowly fading away, her mind justified that it was  acceptable to engage in wreckless/irrational behavior to gain that attention that she desired. Lindsay Lohan uses this attribution as a desperate attempt to gain control of other’s attention so that she will not feel forgotten, like how her father abandoned her. I believe she makes global assumptions that she deserves everyone’s love and attention. Lindsay’s useage of drugs and engagement in wreckless behavior is a desperate cry for attention that she seeks to satisfy her feeling of being forgotten. If she does not seek therapy soon to learn how to deal with her emotions more effectively, her wreckless, attention seeking behavior will only be reinforced.

Blue Shark Facts Size, Habitat, Reproduction

The blue shark (Prionace glauca) is a type of requiem shark. Its related to the blacktip shark, blacknose shark, and spinner shark. Like other species in the requiem family, the blue shark is migratory and ectothermic, and it gives birth to live young. Fast Facts: Blue Shark Common Name: Blue sharkScientific Name: Prionace glaucaDistinguishing Features: Slender shark with a long snout, blue coloring on top, and white undersideAverage Size: 2 to 3 metersDiet: CarnivorousLifespan: 20 yearsHabitat: Worldwide in deep water of tropic and temperate oceansConservation Status: Near ThreatenedKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ChondrichthyesOrder: CarcharhiniformesFamily: CarcharhinidaeFun Fact: Blue shark females bear bite scars because the mating ritual involves the male biting the female. Physical Appearance The blue shark takes its common name from its coloring. Its upper body is blue, with lighter shading along its sides and a white underside. The coloration helps camouflage the shark in the open ocean. It is a slender shark with long pectoral fins, a long conical snout, and large eyes. Mature females are larger than males. Females average from 2.2 to 3.3  m (7.2 to 10.8  ft) in length, weighing 93 to 182  kg (205 to 401  lb). Males run from 1.8 to 2.8 m (6.0 to 9.3 ft) in length, with a weight of 27 to 55  kg (60 to 121  lb). However, a few unusually large specimens have been documented. One female weighed 391 kg (862 lb). The upper teeth in the blue sharks mouth are distinctive. They are triangular in shape, serrated, and recurved. The teeth overlap each other in the jaw. The sharks dermal denticles (scales) are small and overlap, making the animals skin smooth to the touch. Habitat Blue sharks inhabit cool ocean waters around the globe, as far south as Chile and as far north as Norway. They migrate in a clockwise direction, following ocean currents to seek water ranging in temperature from  7  to 25  Ã‚ °C (45 to 77  Ã‚ °F). In temperate regions, they may be found offshore, but in tropical waters they have to swim deeper to seek a comfortable temperature. Blue shark range.   maplab Diet and Predators Blue sharks are carnivorous predators that feed mainly on squid, other cephalopods, and fish. They have been known to eat other sharks, cetaceans (whales and porpoises), and seabirds. The sharks will feed anytime within a 24-hour period, but are most active in the early evening and at night. Sometimes blue sharks hunt as a pack and herd their prey. Normally, the sharks swim slowly, but they can jet forward quickly to catch prey and secure it with their recurved teeth. Predators of blue sharks include killer whales (Orcinus orca) and larger sharks, such as the white shark (Carcharadon carcharias) and shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus). The shark is also subject to parasites that can damage its eyesight and gill function. It is the definitive host of the tetraphyllidean tapeworm, which it likely acquires by eating the worms intermediate hosts. Reproduction Male sharks mature by four or five years of age, while females mature at five to six years of age. The courtship ritual includes the male biting the female, so one way to sex a blue shark is to look for the bite scars always found on mature females. Female sharks have adapted to the behavior by having skin that is three times thicker than that of male sharks. Blue sharks give birth to large litters, ranging from as few as four pups to as many as 135. The pups are an important food source for other predators, but sharks that survive to maturity may live 20 years. Conservation Status Although the blue shark inhabits a wide range, grows quickly, and readily reproduces, this species is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN. The shark isnt usually targeted for fishing, but is a major bycatch of fishing operations. Blue Sharks and Humans While blue sharks are often caught by fishermen, they arent considered particularly tasty. Also, shark flesh tends to be contaminated by the heavy metals lead and mercury. Some shark meat is dried, smoked, or made into fish meal. The fins are used to make shark-fin soup, while the liver yields oil. Sometimes blue shark skin is used to make leather. Because of their attractive coloration and shape, sport fishermen may catch and mount blue sharks to display them. Blue sharks swim into glass and other smooth surfaces, injuring themselves. imagedepotpro / Getty Images Like other requiem sharks, blue sharks do not do well in captivity. While theyll readily accept food, they tend to injure themselves by running into the walls of their tank. Replacing glass or other smooth surfaces with rock helps prevent accidents. Also, blue sharks are eaten by other species of sharks if they are housed together. Blue sharks rarely bite humans and almost never cause death. In the past 400 years, only 13 biting incidents have been verified, of which four resulted in fatalities. Sources Bigelow, H.B. and Schroeder, W.C. (1948). Fishes of the Western North Atlantic, Part I: Lancelets, Cyclostomes, Sharks. Memoirs of the Sears Foundation for Marine Research, 1 (1): 59-576.Compagno, Leonard J. V. (1984).  Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Compagno, L.; M. Dando S. Fowler (2004). Sharks of the World. HarperCollins. pp. 316–317. ISBN 0-00-713610-2.Stevens, J. (2009) Prionace glauca. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T39381A10222811.en